RE-APPROXIMATING FOOD PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS IN METRO VANCOUVER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15665/rde.v14i1.596Palabras clave:
local food, food systems, food sovereignty, institutional markets, Metro Vancouver.Resumen
This paper interprets the Metro Vancouver food localization movement, thorough the lens of the second generation of food sovereignty, with the objective of exploring its economic dimensions. First we promote a theoretical discussion of food sovereignty explaining that it started in a rural setting of the global south as a means to contest the international neoliberal trade system, and how it has adapted in the global north to incorporate consumers. We then discuss the contradictions between British Columbia’s and Metro Vancouver’s food systems. In sequence, we present the results from interviews of the movement’s stakeholders, offering a qualitative analysis. Our findings demonstrate that there are several economic consequences, identifying: i) farmer markets as currently the most significant channel for the commerce of local foods and how they have been responsible for (re)approximating food producers and consumers; also, ii) institutional markets as a next step that can represent a true democratization of good food.
Citas
Akram-Lodhi, a. H. (2015). Accelerating towards food sovereignty. Third World Quarterly, 36(3), 563–583. http://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1002989
Alkon, A. H. (2013). Food justice, food sovereignty and the challenge of neoliberalism. In Food Sovereignty : A Critical Dialogue (International Conference) (pp. 1–25). New Haven: The Journal of Peasant Studies.
Anderson, M. (2013). The role of US consumers and producers in food sovereignty. In Food Sovereignty : A Critical Dialogue (International Conference). New Haven: The Journal of Peasant Studies.
Andree, P. (2014). From food security to food sovereignty in Canada: resistance and authority in the context of neoliberalism. In Globalization and food sovereignty: global and local change in the new politics of food. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Barbosa Júnior, R. C., & Coca, E. L. F. (2015). The WTO ’s international multilateral trade system and its effects on the production and consumption of food. Boletim Meridiano 47, 16(150), 42–49.
BC Association of Farmer’s Markets, & University of Northen British Columbia. (2012). Economic and social benefit assessement. Vancouver.
BC Ministry of Agriculture. (2012). B.C. Agrifoods: a strategy for growth. Abbotsford.
BC Ministry of Agriculture. (2014). 2013 Export Highlights: British Columbia Agrifoods. Victoria.
Beckie, M. a., Kennedy, E. H., & Wittman, H. (2012). Scaling up alternative food networks: Farmers’ markets and the role of clustering in western Canada. Agriculture and Human Values, 29(3), 333–345. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-012-9359-9
Borras, S. M., Franco, J. C., & Suárez, S. M. (2015). Land and food sovereignty. Third World Quarterly, 36(3), 600–617. http://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1029225
Bramham, D. (2015). Who will feed Vancouver’s 2,000 hungry school kids? Vancouver Sun. Vancouver. Retrieved from http://www.vancouversun.com/business/Daphne+Bramham+will+feed+Vancouver+hungry+school+kids/10884867/story.html
Burnett, K., & Murphy, S. (2014). What place for international trade in food sovereignty? Journal of Peasant Studies, 1–20. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.876995
Campbell, C. (2006). Forever Farmland reshaping the ALR for the 21st century.
Cassol, A., & Schneider, S. (2010). Produção e Consumo de Alimentos : Novas Redes e Atores. Lua Nova, 95, 143–177.
City of Vancouver. (2012). Greenest city: 2020 action plan. Vancouver: City of Vancouver.
City of Vancouver. (2013). What feed us: Vancouver Food Strategy. Vancouver: City of Vancouver.
Coca, E. L. de F. (2015). O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos ( PAA ) como uma política pública emancipatória no território Cantuquiriguaçu-PR. Revista NERA, (26), 165–182.
Coca, E. L. de F., & Barbosa Júnior, R. C. (n.d.). Hortas escolares em Vancouver, Canadá como parte da segunda geração da soberania alimentar. Agrária.
Coelho, S. L. (2015). Sobre a justiça no comércio e as escolhas morais de consumo: o caso dos consumidores de Comércio Justo. Sociologia, Revista Da Faculdade de Letras Do Universidade Do Porto, (Número Temático 5), 15–40.
Condon, P. M., Mullinix, K., Fallick, A., & Harcourt, M. (2010). Agriculture on the edge: strategies to abate urban encroachment onto agricultural lands by promoting viable human-scale agriculture as an integral element of urbanization. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 8(1), 104–115. http://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0465
De Schutter, O. (2015a). Don’t let food be the problem. Foregein Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/20/starving-for-answers-food-water-united-nations/
De Schutter, O. (2015b). Food democracy South and North: from food sovereignty to transition initiatives. Open Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/olivier-de-schutter/food-democracy-south-and-north-from-food-sovereignty-to-transition-initiatives
Desmarais, A. A. (2015). The gift of food sovereignty. Canadian Food Studies, 2(2), 154–163. http://doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v2i2.115
Dwyer, E. (2010). Farm to Cafeteria Initiatives: Connections with the Tribal Food Sovereignty Movement. National Farm to School Network Urban & Environmental Policy Institute Occidental College. Los Angeles. Retrieved from http://departments.oxy.edu/uepi/publications/foodsovereignty.pdf
Edwards-Jones, G., Milà i Canals, L., Hounsome, N., Truninger, M., Koerber, G., Hounsome, B., … Jones, D. L. (2008). Testing the assertion that “local food is best”: the challenges of an evidence-based approach. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 19(5), 265–274. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.01.008
Feagan, R. (2007). The place of food: mapping out the “local” in local food systems. Progress in Human Geography, 31(1), 23–42. http://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507073527
Fodor, Z. (2011). Peope systems in support of food systems: the neiborhood food justice network movement in Vancouver, British Columbia. University of British Columbia.
Food Banks Canada. (2014). Hungercount 2014. Toronto: Food Banks Canada.
Forum for Food Sovereignty. (2007). Declaração de Nyéléni. Nyéléni.
Gibb, N., & Wittman, H. (2012). Parallel alternatives: Chinese-Canadian farmers and the Metro Vancouver local food movement. Local Environment, (March 2015), 1–19. http://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.714763
Goverde-Lips, G., Bruil, J., & Renting, H. (2015). Produtores e consumidores construindo novas práticas alimentares. Agriculturas •, 12(2), 39–43.
Grunert, K. G., Hieke, S., & Wills, J. (2014). Sustainability labels on food products: Consumer motivation, understanding and use. Food Policy, 44, 177–189. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.001
Herring, R. J. (2015). How is Food Political? Market, State, and Knowledge. In R. J. Herring (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Food, Politics, and Society (pp. 1–28). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.35
Higgins, A. (2015). Food sovereignty in the global North. In A. Trauger (Ed.), Food sovereignty in nternational context. Discourse , politics and practice of place (pp. 54–68). Abingdon: Routledge.
Hinrichs, C. C. (2013). Regionalizing food security? Imperatives, intersections and contestations in a post-9/11 world. Journal of Rural Studies, 29, 7–18. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.09.003
International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG). (2013). Structured demand and smallholder farmers in Brazil : the case of PAA and PNAE. Brasília: UNDP.
Izumi, B. T., Alaimo, K., & Hamm, M. W. (2010). Farm-to-School Programs: Perspectives of School Food Service Professionals. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(2), 83–91. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2008.09.003
Joshi, A., Azuma, A. M., & Feenstra, G. (2008). Do Farm-to-School Programs Make a Difference? Findings and Future Research Needs. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 3(2-3), 229–246. http://doi.org/10.1080/19320240802244025
Kirwan, J., & Maye, D. (2013). Food security framings within the UK and the integration of local food systems. Journal of Rural Studies, 29, 91–100. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.03.002
Kjærås, K. E. A. (2012). Planning for urban sustainability. A case study of urban farming in Vancouver as an urban sustainable and ecological resilient practice. University of Oslo.
Kloppenburg, J., & Hassanein, N. (2006). From old school to reform school? Agriculture and Human Values, 23(4), 417–421. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-006-9024-2
Koc, M., MacRae, R., Desjardins, E., & Roberts, W. (2008). Getting Civil About Food: The Interactions Between Civil Society and the State to Advance Sustainable Food Systems in Canada. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 3(2-3), 122–144. http://doi.org/10.1080/19320240802243175
Korthals, M. (2015). Ethics of food production and consumption. In R. J. Herring (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Food, Politics, and Society (pp. 1–15). Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.022
Lawrence, G., Richards, C., & Lyons, K. (2013). Food security in Australia in an era of neoliberalism, productivism and climate change. Journal of Rural Studies, 29, 30–39. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.12.005
Mansfield, B. (2014). Wake up call: California drought & B.C.’ s food security. Vancouver: Vancity.
Marinova, P. (2015). Millennials are driving an $ 18 billion food revolution. In: http://fortune.com/2015/10/13/food-revolution-millennials/
McMichael, P. (2014). A comment on Henry Bernstein’s way with peasants, and food sovereignty. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 193–204. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.936853
Mcmurtry, J. J. (2014). The Political Economy of Procurement. Project Muse, 40(May), 26–38. http://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2013-012
Metro Vancouver. (2011). Regional Food System Strategy. Vancouver: Metro Vancouver.
Metro Vancouver. (2014). Farming in Metro Vancouver. Burnaby.
Nestle, M. (2002). Food politcs: how the food industry influences nutrition and health. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Newman, L., Powell, L. J., & Wittman, H. (2015). Landscapes of food production in agriburbia: Farmland protection and local food movements in British Columbia. Journal of Rural Studies, 39, 99–110. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.03.006
Patel, R. C. (2012). Food Sovereignty : power, gender , and the right to food. Plos Medicine, 9(6), 1–4. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001223
Pollan, M. (2007). The omnivore’s dilemma. New York.
Provincial Agricultural Land Commission of BC. (2015). Land ownership in the ALR. Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content.page?id=650C876AD9904910B4807D9DCCB1F067
Robbins, M. J. (2015). Exploring the “localisation” dimension of food sovereignty. Third World Quarterly, 36(3), 449–468. http://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1024966
Sadlera, R. C., Arkua, G., & Gillilanda, J. A. (2014). Local food networks as catalysts for food policy change to improve health and build the economy. Local Environment, 20(9), 1103–1121. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.894965
Sage, C. (2012). Environment and food. New York: Routledge.
Schiavoni, C. (2009). The global struggle for food sovereignty: from Nyéléni to New York. Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(3), 682–689. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903143079
Schlosser, E. (2001). Fast food nation: what the all-American meal is doing to the world. London: Penguin.
Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. a. (2012). Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485(7397), 229–232. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature11069
Sine, E., Saddler, S., Picardo, E., Sousa, A., Wong, A., Paolella, N., … Mansfield, B. (2014). LFS 450 : Final Project Report for the Farm-to-Healthcare Project. Vancouver.
Sonnino, R. (2010). Escaping the Local Trap : Insights on Re- localization from School Food Reform Escaping the Local Trap : Insights on Re-localization from. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 12(July 2011), 37–41. http://doi.org/10.1080/15239080903220120
Stédile, J. P., & Carvalho, H. M. de. (2011). Soberania alimentar: uma necessidade dos povos. Retrieved January 1, 2015, from http://www.ecodebate.com.br/2011/03/25/soberania-alimentar-uma-necessidade-dos-povos-artigo-de-joao-pedro-stedile-e-horacio-martins-de-carvalho/
Stuckler, D., & Nestle, M. (2012). Big food , food systems , and global health. Plos Medicine, 9(6), 4–7. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001242
Surrey School District. (2015). About. Retrieved from https://www.surreyschools.ca/About/Pages/default.aspx
The Greater Vancouver Food Bank (GVFB). (2015). About us. Retrieved January 1, 2015, from https://www.foodbank.bc.ca/about-us
Triches, R. M., & Schneider, S. (2010). Alimentação escolar e agricultura familiar: Reconectando o consumo à produoção. Saude E Sociedade, 19(4), 933–945. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902010000400019
University of British Columbia - UBC. (2013). UBC ’ s First Food Guide What Is A Sustainable Food System ? Vancouver: UBC.
University of British Columbia - UBC. (2014). UBC Farm: from a student-run initiative to leading a Farm-to-Institution Movement. Vancouver. Retrieved from http://ubcfarm.ubc.ca/2014/07/23/from-a-student-run-initiative-to-leading-a-farm-to-institution-movement/
University of British Columbia (UBC). (2013). UBC Sustainable Campus Food Guide. Van.
University of British Columbia (UBC). (2014). Scaling up: the evolution of the UBC Dining Hall. Vancouver. Retrieved from http://ubcfarm.ubc.ca/2014/01/23/scaling-up-the-evolution-of-the-ubc-dining-hall/
van der Ploeg, J. D., Jingzhong, Y., & Schneider, S. (2012). Rural development through the construction of new, nested, markets: comparative perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(1), 133–173. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.652619
Vancouver Food Policy Council. (2010). Food Secure Vancouver Study. The Vancouver Food Policy Council. Vancouver.
Vancouver School Board. (2010). Sustainability framework for the Vancouver School Board. Vancouver.
Vidgen, H. A., & Gallegos, D. (2014). Defining food literacy and its components. Appetite, 76, 50–59. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.010
Vogt, R. a., & Kaiser, L. L. (2008). Still a time to act: A review of institutional marketing of regionally-grown food. Agriculture and Human Values, 25(2), 241–255. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-007-9106-9
Weber, C. L., & Scott, H. (2008). Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in thenUnited States. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3508–3513.
Weiss, B. (2012). Configuring the authentic value of real food: Farm-to-fork, snout-to-tail, and local food movements. American Ethnologist, 39(3), 614–626. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01384.x
Welsh, J., & MacRae, R. (1998). Food Citizenship and Community Food Security: Lessons from Toronto, Canada. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne D’études Du Développement, 19(4), 237–255. http://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1998.9669786
Wittman, H. (2009). Reworking the metabolic rift: La Vía Campesina, agrarian citizenship, and food sovereignty. Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(4), 805–826. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150903353991
Wittman, H. (2011). Food Sovereignty: A New Rights Framework for Food and Nature? Environment and Society: Advances in Research, 2(1), 87–105. http://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2011.020106
Wittman, H., & Barbolet, H. (2011). “Super, natural”: the potential for food sovereignty in British Columbia. In H. Wittman & A. A. Desmarais (Eds.), Food sovereignty in Canada: creating just and sustainable food systems (p. 220). Halifax/Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.
Wittman, H., Beckie, M., & Hergesheimer, C. (2012). Linking Local Food Systems and the Social Economy ? Future Roles for Farmers ’ Markets in Alberta and British Columbia *. Rural Sociology, 77(1), 36–61. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2011.00068.x
Wittman, H., & Blesh, J. (2015). Food sovereignty and Fome Zero: connecting public food procurement programs to sustainable rural development in Brazil. Agrarian Change.
Descargas
Archivos adicionales
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Tenga en cuenta que al presionar el botón "guardar y continuar" que está al final, Usted está asumiendo todos los compromisos éticos y legales que aquí se enuncian. Ellos establecen las responsabilidades de la legislación en materia de derechos de propiedad intelectual. Para esto se asume que quien está efectuando la acción de presentar el escrito obra de buena fe y se representa a sí mismo y a los demás autores del artículo postulado.
En este sentido, los autores conservan todos los derechos de los cuales son titulares y autorizan la reproducción gratuita del documento enviado. En el evento de ser necesario, asumirán, al presionar el botón "guardar y continuar", la responsabilidad legal derivada de los derechos patrimoniales los cuales son gratuitos en razón al no cobro por ningún procedimiento de la Revista.
En consecuencia, El(Los) autor(es) representados por quien adelanta la postulación del artículo a evaluación y eventual publicación,
Declaro(amos):
1. Que soy (somos) el (los) autor(es) del artículo {aquí va el nombre del artículo colocado automáticamente}.
2. Que ésta es una obra original conforme a la ley de propiedad intelectual de derechos de autor colombiana.
3. Que el contenido del artículo de la referencia no ha sido publicado y que no se presentará a ningún otro medio de publicación en soporte escrito o electrónico antes de conocer la decisión del Comité Editorial de Dimensión Empresarial.
4. Que el firmante de esta certificación garantiza que el compromiso que aquí adquiere no infringe ningún tipo derechos de terceros.
5. Que la autorización de publicación incluye su archivo electrónico y su adaptación, de ser necesario, para su incorporación en la red o en cualquier formato electrónico o base de datos, así como anexar los metadatos necesarios para realizar el registro de la obra, marcas de agua o cualquier otro sistema de seguridad o de protección.
6. Que la autorización de publicación incluye la reproducción en soportes digitales. Así como su distribución y la puesta a disposición a través de archivos institucionales a través de Internet, distribuir copias, y exhibirlo en Colombia y fuera del país, así como incluir el artículo en índices nacionales e internacionales.
7. Que el autor asume toda la responsabilidad, incluyendo las indemnizaciones por daños, que pudieran ejercitarse contra la Universidad Autónoma del Caribe por terceros que vieran infringidos sus derechos e intereses a causa de la cesión.
Por su parte, Dimensión Empresarial se obliga a respetar, en todo caso, los derechos del autor contenido en el artículo 30 de la Ley 23 de 1982, o cualquiera posterior a esta y pondrá el artículo a disposición de los usuarios de la Revista para que hagan un uso legítimo de él, según lo permitido por la legislación aplicable, siempre que se cite su autoría, no se obtenga beneficio comercial, y no se realicen obras derivadas.
Los autores/as se comprometen a aceptar las condiciones de esta nota de propiedad intelectual, que se aplicarán a este envío cuando sea publicado en esta revista (más abajo se pueden añadir comentarios al editor/a).
