The Effect of Audit Committee Chair Characteristics on Intellectual Capital Performance in Banks: Evidence from an Emerging Economy
Keywords:
Audit Committee Chair, Banks, VAIC, Intellectual Capital Performance, Saudi ArabiaAbstract
The study aims to examine the impact of audit committee (AC) chair characteristics on intellectual capital performance (ICP) of banks. Accounting and corporate governance data was collected from the annual financial reports of all the listed banks in Saudi Arabia. The information of 12 banks and a total of 72 observations were collected, for the 2014 to 2019 period. The main instrument of ICP measure, which is the dependent variable, is based on the Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) method developed by Pulic (2000). The independent variables are corporate governance (CG) factors perceived to influence AC chair characteristics. These identified variables are activities and qualities commonly associated with the AC chair in the conduct of his duties. The results generally show that AC chair independence and AC chair DUAL have significant positive affect ICP in the context of Saudi Arabian listed banks.
References
Abeysekera, I. (2010), “The influence of board size on intellectual capital disclosure by Kenyan listed firms”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(4), 504-518
Afifuddin & Siti–Nabiha. (2010), “Towards good accountability: the role of Accounting in Islamic religious organizations”, World Academy of Science Engineering and Technology
Ahuja, B. R., & Ahuja, N. L. (2012), “Intellectual capital approach to performance evaluation: a case study of the banking sector in India. International Research Journal of Finance & Economics, 93(3),110-121
Allegrini, M. & Greco, G. (2013). “Corporate boards, audit committees, and voluntary disclosure: evidence from Italian listed companies”, Journal of Management & Governance, 17(1), 187-216.
Al-Musali, M.A.K. & Ku Ismail, K.N.I. (2012), “Intellectual capital performance and board characteristics of GCC bank”, GSTF Business Review, 2(1), 80-86.
Alipour, M. (2012), “The effect of intellectual capital on firm performance: an investigation of I ran insurance companies”, Measuring Business Excellence, 16 (1) 53-66.
Attarit,T. Dampitakse, K. & Panmanee P. (2017), Using SME to verify the impacts of Board of directors characteristics and intellectual capital efficiency: a case of Thailand-listed companies”, International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(10), 321-332
Andriessen, D. (2004). Making Sense of Intellectual Capital: Designing a method for the valuation of intangibles. (1st Ed). Published by Elsevier, Inc.
Bamahros, H., & Wan-Hussin, W. N. (2016). Types of institutional investors and financial reporting timeliness: Empirical study in Malaysia. In International Conference on Accounting Studies (ICAS). Bamahros, H. M., & Wan Hussin, W. N. (2015). “Non-audit services, audit firm tenure, and earnings management in Malaysia”. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 11(1), 145-168.
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Baxter, P. & Cotter, J. (2009), “Audit committees and earnings quality”, Accounting & Finance, 49(2), 267-290 Be´dard, J. & Gendron, Y. (2010), “Strengthening the financial reporting system: can audit committees deliver?”, International Journal of Auditing, 14(2), 174-210.
Buallay, A., Hamdan, A. & Zureigat, Q. (2017), “Corporate governance and firm performance: evidence from Sau- di Arabia”, Australasian Accounting, Business, and Finance Journal, 11(1), 78-98.
Buallay, A. Hamdan, M. Reyad, S. & Mad- bouly, A. (2020), “The efficiency of GCC banks: the role of intellectual capital, European Business Review, 32(3), 383-404. DOI 10.1108/EBR-04-2019-0053
Buallay, A. (2018), “Audit committee characteristics: an empirical investigation of the contribution to intellectual capital efficiency”, Measuring Business Excellence, 22 (2), 183-200, https://doi. org/10.1108/MBE-09-2017-0064
Brennan, N. & B. Connell (2000). ‘Intellectual capital: current issues and policy implications, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(2), 206–240.
Carcello, J.V. & Neal, T.L. (2003), “Audit committee characteristics and auditor dismissals following ‘new ’going-concern reports”, Accounting Review, 78 (1): 95-117.
Cerbioni, F. & Parbonetti, A. (2007), “Exploring the effects of corporate governance on intellectual capital disclosure: an analysis of European biotechnology companies”, European Accounting Review, 16(4), 791-826
Chaminade, C. & Roberts, H. (2003), “What it means is what it does: A comparative analysis of implementing Intellectual Capital in Norway and Spain.”, European Accounting Review, 12(4), 33-51.
Chapman, C.S. (1997), “Reflections on a contingent view of accounting”, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22(2), 189-205
Chan, K. H. (2009), “Impact of intellectual capital on organizational performance: An empirical study of companies in the Hang Seng Index”, The Learning Organization, 16(1), 4-21.
Chen, F.C., Liu, Z.J. & Kweh, Q.L. (2014), “Intellectual capital and productivity of Malaysian general insurers”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 36, pp. 413-420
DeZoort, F.T., Hermanson, D.R., Archam- beault, D.S. & Reed, S.A. (2002), “Audit committee effectiveness: a synthesis of the empirical audit committee literature”, Journal of Accounting Literature, 21, p. 38.
El-Bannany, M. (2008), “A study of determinants of intellectual capital performance in banks: the UK case. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(3), 487-498.
Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M.S. (1997), “Intellectual Capital: realizing your com- pany’s true value by finding its hidden brainpower, HarperCollins, New York, NY.
Faisal Bin Hammad (2019) the Vision 2030: Corporate Governance Perspective in Saudi Arabia. Journal of System and Management Sciences, 9(1), 48-68.
Free, C., Trotman, A.J., & Trotman, K.T. (2021). How to audit committee addresses information-processing barriers. The Accounting Review, 96(1), 147-169.
Gabrielsson, J. & Huse, M. (2005). “Outside” directors in SME boards: A call for theoretical reflections. Corporate Board: Role, Duties and Composition, 1(1), 28-37.
Halloway, 1 (1997) Basic concept for qualitative Research, Wiley-Blackwell
Hamdan, A.M., Sarea, A.M. & Reyad, S.M.R. (2013), “The impact of audit committee characteristics on the performance: evidence from Jordan”, International Management Review, 9(1), 32.
Hamdan, A.M. & Mushtaha, S. (2011), “The relationship between audit committee characteristics and type of auditor’s report: an empirical study on the public shareholding industrial companies listed at Amman Bourse”, The Arab Journal of Accounting, 14(1), 109-163.
Hamdan, A.M., Buallay, A.M. & Alareeni, B.A. (2017), “The moderating role of corporate governance on the relationship between intellectual capital efficiency and firm’s performance: evidence from Saudi Arabia”, International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 14(4), 295-318.
Herman, R. & Kauranen, I. (2005), “Value creation potential of intellectual capital in biotechnology - Empirical evidence from Finland”. R and D Management, 35(2), 171-185.
Holland, J. (2003). “Intellectual capital and the capital market-organization and competence Accounting. Auditing & Accountability Journal, 16(1), 39-48.
Holland, J. (2006). “Fund management, intellectual capital, intangibles, and private disclosure”, Managerial Finance, 32(4), 277-316.
Inkinen, H. (2015), “Review of empirical research on intellectual capital and firm performance”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(3), 518-565.
Jaafar, M. A., Wan-Hussin, W. N., & Bamahros, H. M. (2016). Are all audit committee directors equal? The business of the chair, financial expert, and other members. International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information, 19(7B), 2893.
Joshi, M., Cahill, D., & Sidhu, J. (2010). “Intellectual capital performance in the banking sector: an assessment of Australian owned banks”, Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting, 14(2), 151-170.
Judge, G .G. Griffiths, W. E. Hill, R.C. & Lee, T.C. (1980), “The theory and practice of econometrics,” Wiley: New York.
Kantudu, A.S. & Samaila, I.A. (2015), “Board characteristics, independent audit committee and financial reporting quality of oil marketing firms: evidence from Nigeria”, Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management, 6(2), 34.
Kent, P., Routledge, J. & Stewart, J. (2010), “Innate and discretionary accruals quality and corporate governance”, Accounting & Finance, 50(1), 171-195.
Koldertsova, A. (2011). “ The second corporate governance wave in the middle east and north Africa, OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, OECD Publishing, Vol. 2, pp. 219- 226
KPM International Cooperative, (2019), “The role of audit committee chair”, downloaded 21/03/2020 https://as- sets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/uk/ pdf/2019/03/blc-role-of-the-audit- committee-chair.pdf
Lee, S.H. (2010), “Using fuzzy AHP to develop intellectual Capital evaluation model for assessing their performance contribution in a university”, Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 4941-4947
Lev, B. (2001), “Intangibles: management, measurement, and reporting, Washington: Brookings Institution Press
Li, J., Mangena, M. & Pike, R. (2012), “The effect of audit committee characteristics on intellectual capital disclosure”, The British Accounting Review, 44 (2), 98-110.
Li, J., Pike, R. & Haniffa, R. (2008), “Intellectual capital disclosure and corporate governance structure in UK firms”, Accounting & Business Research, 38 (2), 137-159.
Lisic, L., Neal, T. & Zhang, Y. (2011), “Audit committee financial expertise and re- statements: the moderating effect of CEO power, School of Management, George Mason University, Fairfax.
Madi, H.K., Ishak, Z. & Manaf, N.A.A. (2014), “The impact of audit committee characteristics on corporate voluntary disclosure”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 164, pp. 486-492
Mangena, M. & Pike, R. (2005), “The effect of audit committee shareholding, financial expertise and size on inter- in financial disclosures”, Accounting &Business Research, 35(4), 327-49.
Mujtaba, N. C. & Williams, A. (2011), “Corporate Governance and Board Composition: A comparison of GCC boards with UK, European and US boards. A report issued by corporate governance consultants. Manama, Bahrain.
Muttakin, M., Khan, & A., Belal, A. (2015). “Intellectual Capital Disclosure and Corporate Governance: An Empirical Examination. Advances in Accounting”, Incorporating Advances in International Accounting, 31(2), 219-227
Peasnell, K.V., Pope, P.F., & Young, S.E. (2005), “Board monitoring and earnings management: do outside directors influence abnormal accruals?”, Journal of Business Finance &Ac- counting, 32(7-8), 1311-1346.
Petty, R. & Guthrie, J. (2000), “Intellectual capital literature review: Measurement, reporting, and management”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(2), 155-176.
Pulic, A. (2000). “VAIC an accounting tool for IC management”. International Journal of Technology Management, 20(5), 702-714.
Rahman, S. (2012), “The role of intellectual capital in determining differences between the stock market and financial performance”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 89(1), 46-77.
Rodrigues, L.L., Tejedo-Romero, F. & Craig, R. (2017), “Corporate governance and intellectual capital reporting in a period of the financial crisis: evidence from Portugal”, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 14 (1), 1-29.
Serenko, A. & Bontis, N. (2013), “Investigating the current state and impact of the intellectual Capital academic discipline”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 14(4), 476-500.
Sharma, V., Naiker, V. & Lee, B. (2009), “Determinants of audit committee meeting frequency: evidence from voluntary governance system”, Accounting Horizons, 2 (3), 245-263.
Shih, K., Chang, C. & Lin, B. (2010), “Assessing knowledge creation and intellectual capital in the banking industry”, of Intellectual Capital, 11, 74-89.
Smith report. (2003), “Smith re- port on audit committees” https:// www.accountingweb.co.uk/busi- ness/financial-reporting/smith-re- port-on-audit-committees-a-summary. Downloaded 23/02/2020
Singh, S., Sidhu, J., Joshi, M. & Kansal, M. (2016), “Measuring the intellectual capital performance of Indian banks: a public and private sector comparison”, Managerial Finance, 42(7) 635-655
Tabachnick, B. & Fidell, L. (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Tan, H.P., D. Plowman, P. Hancock. (2008). “Intellectual capital and financial returns of companies, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1), 76-95.
Tejedo-Romero, F. & Ferraz Esteves de Arau´ J.F. (2016), “Información del Capital humano: la generación de in- tangibles y la responsabilidad social”, Cuadernos de Gestión, 16(1).
Wan-Hussin, W. N., Bamahros, H. M., & Shukeri, S. N. (2018). “Lead engagement partner workload, partner-client tenure, and audit reporting lag: Evidence from Malaysia”. Managerial Auditing Journal, 33(3), 246–266.
Van Peursem, K. (2005). Conversations with internal auditors: The power of ambiguity. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20(5), 489–512.
Wan-Hussin, W. N., & Bamahros, H. M. (2013). Do investment in and the sourcing arrangement of the internal audit function affect audit delay? Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 9(1), 19–32.
Wan-Hussin, W. N., Fitri, H., & Salim, B. (2021) “Audit committee chair overlap, chair expertise, and internal auditing practices: Evidence from Malaysia”. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 44, 100413
White, G., A. Lee, G. &Tower. (2007), “Drivers of voluntary intellectual capital disclosure in listed biotechnology companies”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(3), 517-537.
Yatim, P., Kent, P. & Clarkson, P. (2006), “Governance structures, ethnicity, and audit fees of Malaysian listed firms”, Managerial Auditing Journal, 21(7), 757-782.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Hasan Bamahros
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Instructions for filling in the Certification of Originality and the Copyright Transfer:
Keep in mind that by pressing the "save and continue" button at the end, you are assuming all the ethical and legal commitments set forth herein. They establish the responsibilities of the legislation on intellectual property rights. For this it is assumed that whoever is carrying out the action of presenting the written work in good faith and represents himself and the other authors of the postulated article.
In this sense, the authors retain all the rights of which they are owners and authorize the free reproduction of the document sent. In the event of being necessary, they will assume, by pressing the "save and continue" button, the legal responsibility derived from the patrimonial rights which are free because of the non-payment by any procedure of the Journal.
Consequently, the author (s) represented by the person who advances the postulation of the article for evaluation and eventual publication,
I (We) declare:
1. I am (we are) the author (s) of the article {here is the name of the article placed automatically}.
2. This is an original work in accordance with the intellectual property law of Colombian copyright.
3. The content of the article of the reference has not been published and that it will not be submitted to any other means of publication in written or electronic support before knowing the decision of the Editorial Committee of Dimensión Empresarial.
4. The signer of this certification guarantees that the commitment acquired here does not infringe any third-party rights.
5. The publication authorization includes its electronic file and its adaptation, if necessary, for its incorporation in the network or in any electronic format or database, as well as attaching the necessary metadata to register the work, trademarks of water or any other security or protection system.
6. The publication authorization includes reproduction on digital media. As well as its distribution and making available through institutional archives through the Internet, distribute copies, and exhibit it in Colombia and outside the country, as well as include the article in national and international indexes.
7. The author assumes all responsibility, including compensation for damages, that could be exercised against the Universidad Autónoma del Caribe by third parties who violated their rights and interests because of the assignment.
For its part, Dimension Empresarial undertakes to respect in any case the rights of the author contained in Article 30 of Law 23 of 1982, or any after it and will make the article available to the users of the Journal so that make a legitimate use of it, as permitted by the applicable legislation, provided that its authorship is cited, commercial benefit is not obtained, and derivative works are not made.
The authors agree to accept the conditions of this intellectual property note, which will be applied to this submission when it is published in this journal.